A block or interlocking signal designated by an "A" market or the absence of a number plate.

A recent development in train ride control, active suspension uses microprocessor control to detect changes in track formation or direction and then signal changes in the suspension configuration. In this way, sideways movements can be used to stiffen hydraulic resistance in dampers or induce hydraulic jacking movement to adjust body tilt.

The ratio of the tangential and normal forces that exist between the wheel and the rail at standstill and during motion. The adhesion coefficient for rolling motion is usually referred to as miR. Generally taken as 0.3 to 0.4 for dry rail, but can be as low as 0.01 for icy and greasy rail.

The total weight carried on the driving axles of a vehicle and therefore contributing to adhesion.

An electronic transponder located on the side of rail cars that identifies them to trackside readers.

All of the devices and parts included in making an air brake for controlling the speed and stopping a locomotive or train. It is made up of the operating devices, the pipes, fittings and foundation brake gear.

The act of operating the brake valve to determine that the air brake system was operating correctly and could stop the train if necessary.

A clear track in a switching yard.

An appliance used for the purpose of opening or closing brake pipe on ends of cars, rear ends of tenders, and front ends of switch engines so equipped. Provision is made for supporting hose at proper angle.

A signal that governs the approach to another signal.

Modern traction motor type using three phase electrical supply and now the design for modern train traction systems. Can be used on DC and AC electrified railways with suitable control electronics and on diesel-electric locomotives.

A series of consecutive blocks governed by block signals, cab signals or both, actuated by a train, engine or by certain conditions affecting the use of a block.

A system which provides for the automatic operation of the cab signals and cab warning whistle.

Mechanical arm located on the wayside, in conjunction with a wayside signal, which causes an emergency brake application when a train passes the signal at danger and the arm is in tripping position.

The system for automatically controlling train movements and directing train operations. ATC requires automatic train operation (ATO) and automatic train protection (ATP) subsystems and has features which enhance operational safety, e.g., through the separation of trains by implementing a conflict free timetable, train detection and interlocking of routes. ATC allows the automatic control of trains throughout a railway network, obviating the need for train drivers. The Docklands Light Railway in London provides a good example of this type of operation. (Australians use this acronym to describe automatic train protection.).

Subsystem to monitor the train service by means of train describers, track circuit occupation or balise based data collection. ATM is normally a subsystem of automatic train supervision (ATS) and is sometimes also referred to as train service monitoring.

The subsystem within the automatic train control (ATC) system which performs functions otherwise assigned to the train operator (driver). ATO is not generally considered to be safety critical since interlockings and automatic train protection (ATP) ensure that trains’ routes and movements cannot conflict. Driverless operation of trains requires the transmission of control data using track circuits, inductive loops, balises or radio signals. Radio signals can be diffused by broadcast or leaky cable feeders.

The subsystem within the overall train control system which automatically ensures compliance with or observation of some or all speed restrictions or movement authorities’. Normally, the term ATP refers to the provision of failsafe protection against collisions, excessive speed, and other hazardous conditions which may arise during train movements by preventing trains from ignoring control commands. This definition covers what could be described as "Comprehensive ATP". Less effective systems (such as TPWS, AWS and Trainstops) are sometimes also classified as ATP. As a result, the following hierarchy of functionality is proposed, with ATP as the "global" term: Warning Systems "systems assisting observation of movement authorities, based upon manual activation", e.g., the Driver Reminder Appliance (DRA); Automatic Warning Systems "systems automatically assisting observation of movement authorities", e.g. the standard British AWS system; Automatic Train Stop "a system automatically enforcing compliance with the limits of movement authorities. Partial ATP "a system automatically enforcing compliance with speed restrictions and movement authorities at some locations or for some vehicles"; Comprehensive ATP "a system automatically enforcing compliance with all speed restrictions and movement authorities (for all vehicles) within a given area". This type of system is often divided into two subcategories, Intermittent ATP and Continuous ATP. There are many different types of implementation but all require the transmission of control data using track circuits, inductive loops, balises or radio signals. Radio signals can be diffused by broadcast or leaky cable feeders.

A system actuated by wayside inductors, so arranged that its operation will automatically result in the application of the brakes until the train has been brought to a stop.

A form of traction where the power source is contained wholly on the vehicle (Diesel, gas turbines, battery, flywheel, coal, wood) allowing the vehicle to travel a design range between refuelling.

The circular shaft connecting two wheels to form a "wheelset". The wheels are an interference fit to ensure the gauge is maintained. Wheels are removed by forcing them off after injecting oil under high pressure into the wheel hub through a specially designed aperture drilled in the hub.

The housing attaching the axle end to the bogie which contains the bearing allowing the axle to rotate.

The weight limit applied to trains passing over a line by the railway civil engineer. It is the limit allowed to be applied to any one axle on the train. Always the bane of the life of a rolling stock designer. Axle load refers to the maximum weight permitted on a single axle. The axle vehicle weighing 60 t (metric tonnes) would have an axle load of approximately 15 t depending on how the weight was distributed. In the UK the maximum axle load is 20 t on most main lines. The European maximum is 22.5 t.

A reservoir located on each rail car that stores air supplied by the locomotive.

A piece of rolling stock that needs repair. (UK: Cripple)

The economical service speed at which the tractive effort of the train equals the train resistance and no further acceleration takes place.

A UK term meaning a locomotive used to assist trains over an uphill section of line incorporating a long or steep "bank". Many banks had permanent allocations of "banking engines", which were attached to the rear of trains which stopped specially to pick them up. At the end of the section where assistance was required, the banking engine would drop off without stopping the train and later return to the bottom of the bank to assist another train. In US known as "helpers".

To throw a switch.

A walk way between two passenger cars covered with either canvas or leather in an accordion shape. From the outside of the blinds to the outer edge of the cars there was a space about 24 inches wide. There was a ladder running up to the top of the car in this space and the bums would hold of the ladder and hold on to it. That was riding the blinds.

A length of track between consecutive block signals or from a block signal to the end of block system limits, governed by block signals, cab signals or both.

An indicator used to convey information regarding block occupancy.

A fixed signal at the entrance of a block to govern trains and engines entering and using that block.

A block or series of consecutive blocks within APB, ABS, ACS, CTC or interlocking limits.

Track with equipment for repairing rail cars on the spot.

The wheel notation given to a locomotive mounted on two 4-wheeled bogies where all the axles are powered. See also A1A-A1A and Co-Co

A 4- or 6-wheeled truck used in pairs under long-bodied railway vehicles. The bogie has a central pivot point which allows it to turn as the track curves and thus guide the vehicle into the curve. In the US it is always referred to as a truck. There are almost as many bogie designs as there are bogies. All-welded box-frame bogies with some steering capability are currently the fashion in Europe. Good design is crucial to good riding, although track condition is also very important in giving a good ride.

The transverse member of a bogie frame or vehicle underframe through which the bogie pivot passes or is connected. Thus a bolster can be a body bolster or a bogie bolster.

The centre part of a wheel through which the axle passes. Also called the hub.

Railway term for the sideways motion of a bogie which has a damaging effect on rails. Also known as hunting.

A device shaped like a hockey stick used to straighten hand holds on freight cars.

A cross-piece in the foundation brake gear for a pair of wheels to which the leverage delivers its force to be transmitted through the attached brake head and brake shoes to the tread of the wheels.

A cast metal cylinder with a piston that is forced outward by compressed air in applying the brakes and returned by a release spring in releasing the brakes.

Commonly called a train line, it is the pipe, hose, connections, angle cocks, cut-out cocks, fittings, etc., connecting the locomotive and all cars from one end of the train to the other for the passage of air to charge and control the brakes.

A term commonly used instead of foundation brake gear.

Automatic brakes are the brake controls in the locomotive that regulate the pressure of the brake pipe and apply or release the brakes for the entire train including the locomotives

Independent brakes are the brake controls in the locomotive that apply the brakes on the locomotives only. The air hose marked ACT or BR CYL enables the lead unit to control the trailing units brakes

A cushioning device mounted on the extreme ends of vehicles to absorb shocks arising during coupling and motion. The buffer consists of a plate on the end of a spring-loaded plunger which compresses upon contact with another buffer. Buffers are either mounted singly in the centre of the underframe ends or in pairs towards the corners.

The transverse member at the extreme ends of a vehicle underframe upon which the buffers are mounted. Also known as the "headstock".

The result of the entanglement of the buffers of adjacent vehicles traversing sharp curves. As straight track is regained, the buffers force the vehicles off the track and cause a derailment. The cause is usually poor buffer design or the use of vehicles over lines for which they were not designed. The oval buffer was introduced in the 1880s to try to reduce buffer locking.

The hinged metal plate attached to the rear end cab floor of a steam locomotive, which rested on the front of the tender and formed a transition piece between the engine and tender for crew safety. Also called a deck plate.

A signal located in engineer's compartment or cab, indicating a condition affecting the movement of a train or engine and used in conjunction with interlocking signals and in conjunction with or in lieu of block signals.

A non revenue car formally used on the rear of trains (caboose).

From the 1889 Century Dictionary of the English Language: A timber running along the tops of the upright pieces in the sides of the body of a railway-carriage and supporting the roof and the roof sticks. Called in the United States a plate.

Used with ropes for moving vehicles in restricted areas like workshops, where a locomotive or other power unit cannot be accommodated. Most common where ground mounted wheel lathes are used.

US term for a railway carrying vehicle, e.g."freight car" or "passenger car". In the UK the term is used to denote an electric multiple unit vehicle.

It was common for car inspectors to tap parts with a hammer. The resulting tone of sound gave clues to the condition of those parts. (Car Knocker).

Formal name for a craft employee that inspects and repairs railway cars.

A specified frequency for communication between train and dispatcher or 2 trains. The channel numbers (07 thru 97) are shorthand methods of designating assigned radio frequencies for transmission. For example, channel 96 means to transmit on an assigned radio frequency of 161.550 MHz.

Two electric lantern type lights, mounted high on front of locomotive, with lenses that could be switched from off, to white - for an extra train or to green - indicating a train running as all but the last section of a schedule. Flag holders permitted the use of white and green flags for daylight use, in like manner.

A block not occupied. Sometimes used to denote a clear signal indication.

UK term for passenger carrying vehicle. Also known as a carriage. The US term is car and is used by London Underground.

Allowing a train to freewheel to maintain a reasonable speed downhill. Of the 50 non-stop electrified miles between London and Brighton, 29 miles can be run with the train coasting.

Container on flat car. Referred to in intermodal traffic.

A fixed signal in which the indications are given by the colour of a light only.

A fixed signal in which the indications are given by colour and position of two or more lights.

A metal frame on the front of a locomotive to remove obstructions from the tracks.

The movement of trains on a main track, in one direction, specified by the rules.

Separate car(s) from a train

The hand operated lever applied to all cars and locomotives, which was used to lift the coupler pin and release the knuckle in order to couple or uncouple cars and locomotives.

A rapid sequence of automatic brake applications and releases. This does not allow enough time for the reservoirs on the cars to recharge and exhausts the air pressure available to apply the brakes.

A series of rail miles ungoverned by signals and unable to transmit or receive radio or cellular phone signals.

Usually a foot pedal that was pressed by the engineer. When pressure on the pedal was released, the train brakes were automatically applied. This was to detect sleeping or dead engineers. A safety device, commonly known as “the deadman's handle”, fitted to master controllers to ensure driver attention during driving in single-manned cabs. If the controller handle is released, the power is cut off and the emergency brake applied. More modern versions, referred to as a “driver's safety device” or a “vigilance device”, often take the form of a foot operated pedal which must be reset within a given time to prevent the train being stopped automatically. Usually, an advance warning is given to allow the driver to reset. It is a matter of some pride amongst drivers that they can time the need to reset within a few seconds without causing an alarm.

In railway signalling, the ability to determine that a track section or block is occupied by a train. Detection is usually by a track circuit or equivalent electrical loop. Also used to verify that a point or signal has operated correctly as part of the interlocking.

System of traffic control with fixed blocks, where block occupancy is granted remotely by a dispatcher. Ordinarily, only one train may occupy a DTC block at a time. Similar to TWC except that the blocks are fixed by timetable rather than granted case by case. DTC may be used in conjunction with track signalling in APB, ABS, or over dark territory.

A fixed signal outside of a block system, used to govern the approach to a block signal, interlocking signal or switch point indicator. It will not convey information as to conditions affecting the use of the track between the distant signal and block signal, interlocking signal or switch point indicator to which approach is governed. It will be identified by a "D" marker.

Trains that have a remotely controlled locomotive embedded within the train. This allows for higher tonnage trains as the drawbar tensions are lower than an equivalent train with head-end power only.

Diesel Multiple Unit - the generic term for a diesel powered train where a separate locomotive is not required because the traction system is contained under various cars in the train. Also now being tested in Germany in a freight train configuration. See also multiple unit.

A device consisting of one or more wide rollers mounted in a frame, used as a platform and as a truck for moving rail, long heavy timbers, and other items.

A common expression to describe the movement of a heavy train, such as a coal drag or an ore drag.

A device designed to alert a railway control centre that a train has become derailed or a part of the train is dragging on the right of way. Normally consists of a bar placed across the fthe-foot (between the rails) which will be broken if struck. Often used on remote heavy haul freight lines where it is difficult for the crew to detect a mishap of this sort.

The total horsepower of a locomotive less the amount of horsepower that it takes to move the locomotive itself, the balance being available to pull the load.

A machine designed to operate horizontally to drill holes through webs of rails, especially for track bolts. It may be a one man ratchet drill or a geared drill machine with a frame, rail clamps, feed screw, high speed steel bit and chuck, and alternating crank handles turned by two men otrack to another.

Switch a car behind the engine onto an adjacent track when the engine can't run around the car. Requires two trainmen, one to pull the pin on the car to be dropped and the other to throw the switch after the engine has passed to let the car run onto the parallel track.

A power-operated switch, also equipped for hand operation.

Locomotive or multiple unit train designed to operate over lines having two different electric traction power supply systems. Locomotives have been designed to operate with up to the different voltages covering both AC and DC systems. Some trains can operate on lines with either overhead or third rail current collection as for the Eurostar Trains and UK Class 92 Channel Tunnel locomotives.

A small auxiliary signal used to control unusual movements such as a set back into a yard from a main line. Implies a complete stop and wait for a manual operation from the panel. Usually ground mounted lens: two whites for proceed and red/white for stop. Also known as dolly or dwarf.

Emergency application of the air brakes causing a train to stop abruptly, usually causing damage to the merchandise being carried or to the train equipment, itself

A short section of brake hose with a coupling(glad hand) on each end. It's used to connect two short hoses together.

Two or three lens signal used to control a move over a switch in a yard.

A method of train braking where the kinetic energy from the train movement generates current at the locomotive traction motors, and is dissipated in a resistor grid on the locomotive. A train braking system using the traction motors of the power vehicle(s) to act as generators.

A locomotive which can operate with either electric or diesel power. The motors are electric but can be supplied from the diesel driven alternator or from the line's external power supply. The preference is usually for collecting electric power. The South African Class 38 is a locomotive of this type which has 3000v DC overhead electric supply as well as a 780 kW diesel engine. The UK Class 73 is another type but it collects electric power at 750v DC from a 3rd Rail to provide about 1500 h.p. or 600 h.p. with the diesel engine. The Swiss RhB railway also had two electro-diesel locomotives.

Metal side plates used on some large steam locomotives to lift the smoke above the train at speed.

Joining several single-cockpit locomotives so that all cockpits look in one direction (like elephants in a circus)

An application resulting from an emergency rate of brake pipe reduction which causes the brakes to apply quickly and with maximum braking force for the shortest practical stopping distance.

Regarded as essential for underground railways to have, emergency evacuation systems are now incorporated into all new railway designs which run in tunnels for long distances. The system usually requires either a floor level side walkway in the tunnel so that passengers can escape through side doors or a rapidly deployed end door to allow passengers to walk down to track level. The trouble with side walkways is that they require a wider tunnel than the train and this pushes up the cost of the tunnel construction. For a system very rarely, if ever used, this additional expense might be considered unnecessary by a prudent operator.

Electric Multiple Unit - the generic term for an electrically powered suburban or metro train where a separate locomotive is not required because the traction drive and control system is contained under various cars in the train. See also multiple unit.

A unit propelled by any form of energy, or a combination of such units operated from a single control, used in train or yard service.

End Of Train unit (see also Caboose). An EOT transmits brake pipe pressure to the lead unit (head end locomotive), while a two way EOT is also capable of receiving a transmission from the lead unit to open the brake pipe and put the train into emergency stop.

A train not authorized by timetable schedule. It may be designated:
Extra - for any extra train except work extra, the movement of which is authorized in a specified direction.
Work Extra - for any extra train authorized by Form H train order, the movement of which may be in either direction within specified limits.

Ferro- meaning iron plus equine- meaning horse give one who studies iron horses, i.e., a railfan.

The "stove" where the wood, coal, oil, etc., was burned to make steam to propel the engine.

A signal of fixed location indicating a condition affecting the movement of a train.

The rear brakeman. The great country music singer Jimmie Rodgers used to brag about being a flagman. Reason? Because flagmen had to know how to read so they could understand train orders.

1. A slang term use by graffiti writers for a box car without ridges on the sides. Perfect for applying illegal graffiti by the medium of spray paint.
2. A spot on a wheel, caused by skidding or wheel slide, which causes a tapping sound as the wheel rotates and which can usually only be removed by expensive reprofiling of the wheel on a lathe or wheel turning machine. Drivers are cautioned against too heavy braking in bad weather thus causing "flats". Many attempts have been made over the years to reduce "flats" by wheel slide control systems which automatically reduce a brake application in the event of a slide.

A bracket mounted on the outside of a vehicle to aid access by the crew when boarding from the ground. Also known as a "step iron".

Larger part of wheel form used as principal means of railway vehicle guidance system. See Wheelset.

A form of plow for clearing ice and snow from the inside of rails to provide a clear passage for wheel flanges. Sometimes placed under a special car called a flanger car, but usually carried under a snowplow. Also frequently attached to locomotives, either on or just behind the pony trucks.

Train order, or paper used for train orders.

The name used by train crews to identify the people who gather along the railroad tracks to watch or take pictures of trains.

Yellow signal or semaphore at 45 degrees. Train may proceed through signal, prepared to stop.

Flashing Rear End Device -- end of train telemetry device.

The factor used to determine the maximum tractive effort which can be applied by a locomotive under a given rail condition before slip occurs. It is denoted by the Greek letter µ and may vary between 0.1 and 0.4 in UK conditions.

Flexible structure provided at vehicle ends where necessary to provide access from one vehicle to another. The gangway is divided between the two adjacent vehicles and is normally closed off when the vehicles are uncoupled.

A break in the continuity of a conductor rail at a set of points on a line equipped with 3rd rail traction. See conductor rail.

A train stalled over a gap in the conductor rail of an electric railway is said to be "gapped". This occurs when the shoes on the train which collect the current have all lost contact with the current rail due to gaps left for junctions. Particularly prevalent at complex junctions such as the entrances to yards. See also conductor rail. A driver who has "gapped" his train will always be the subject of ridicule from his peers. Knowing where the gaps are is part of road learning.

A yard engine.

Resistance that results from the energy you must put into a train to lift it vertically. The energy is returned without loss when the train comes back down again.

A slang term for a clear signal.

A manually operated brake used to hold rail cars from moving.

Before the advent of radios, signals were given by hand or lantern There were innumerable ways to communicate direction, destination, speed, or stop. Most railroads had their own set of distinct signals. A signal given with the hand in a vertical zipper operating motion upon the chest usually designated a mainline movement. Five fingers exposed on the hand, or a small circle with a lantern at night indicated track five, both hands with all fingers held up, or a small double circle, track ten etc. There were signals to fit almost any condition and learning to read them was sometimes an art in itself.

Term used to denote the orientation of a vehicle which may require identification of the direction it faces, e.g. a locomotive with a cab at one end only. Particularly applies to some types of multiple unit vehicles which are semi-permanently coupled and which must face the right way round to allow the correct electrical and pneumatic connections to be made. Handing is avoided by duplicating wiring and hoses on both sides at vehicle ends but gives rise to additional costs. Handing is also used to denote the location of different items of equipment on a vehicle or train.

The act of routing freight such that the haul takes maximum advantage of the originating railroad, at the disadvantage of another railroad which had to be used to carry the freight part of the way to its destination. The railroad which suffered the disadvantage was said to be "short hauled."

The front of the train. Use of this term is declining with the demise of the caboose.

A power system installed on diesel-electric passenger locomotives, used to generate "hotel load" power to the passenger train, including train heating and air conditioning. A head end power system may use either the locomotive's prime mover, or it may use a separate HEP engine generator set installed at the second end of the locomotive.

Time interval between two following trains.

Any locomotive added to assist a train up a grade.

A signal given to proceed at maximum permissible speed.

A locomotive.

A railroad engineer.

Refers to ICC hours of service regulations.

Amber or green light signal displayed at certain station platforms at or near the conductor's position, to regulate train spacing.

A graffiti slang term for a car transport car. Like for their great length, perfect for doing an end to end and other large "productions" with the illegal spray-paint techniques.

A special red signal that requires the train crew to call the dispatcher for orders before the train can proceed.

Electrically or pneumatically operated warning device provided for a driver to sound at will. Replaces the traditional whistle.

The part of a pantograph which curves down at each end of the collector head and which fractures if struck at speed to give, in the most modern examples, a detection signal to lower the pantograph.

Part of an axlebox guidance assembly mounted on the exterior of a bogie frame.

The total horsepower of all working locomotives divided by the total trailing weight of the train in tons.

A flexible connection provided between vehicles for compressed air, vacuum or steam. Braking and other systems on the train use compressed air both as a power sthece and a control medium. Vacuum is used for braking control on some older trains and steam was the traditional sthece of carriage heating. The connections between vehicles are through flexible pipes usually referred to as hoses. Hoses are normally equipped with isolating cocks to shut off the supply and bleed the hose when vehicles are uncoupled.

A train consisting of damaged or wrecked rail cars being transported to a repair point on their wheels. Some cars have no operating brakes or intact train line. Many times a long flexible hose is used to transmit brake pipe pressure around cars with damaged train lines. Such a train must have a car on the rear with an operating brake controlled via the hose. "Hospital Trains" are also restricted to speed as well.

On friction bearings, an overheated journal bearing. A term for an axlebox which has become over heated because of a breakdown of lubrication or excessive overloading. Nowadays largely eliminated by the adoption of roller bearing axleboxes which have replaced plain bearing axleboxes. Lineside hot box detectors are used by some railways.

Loaded double-stack or container train.

The sideways motion of a bogie at speed caused by irregularities in the track or wheels. Different designs "hunt" in different ways and under different conditions. Suspension design often affects ride as much as anything and the whole science of bogie design can be a bit of a black art. Hunting is also sometimes referred to as "boxing".

The brake control on a locomotive used to control the locomotives air brakes.

An arrangement of signal appliances so interconnected that their movements must succeed each other in proper sequence. It may be operated manually or automatically.

The tracks between the outer opposing absolute signals of an interlocking.

The fixed signals of an interlocking, governing trains using interlocking limits.

Freight traffic that refers to containerization of freight for easy transloading to different modes of transportation. Descriptive term for freight traffic involving transfer of containers to and from road and rail vehicles. Sometimes referred to as container traffic. See TOFC, COFC, Piggyback.

Metal box around axle bearing for holding a lubricant saturated pad next to the wheel bearing.

The bearing in which an axle turns.

Multi-core cables used to provide electrical connections between railway vehicles. Presumably they allowed the electricity to "jump" between coaches. The term is also used as a slang for persons who jump in front of moving trains to commit suicide. British: a passenger leaping from a moving train on the blind side to avoid paying.

The coupling sockets provided at the ends of a jumper.

The act of lowering an automatic stop arm in order to pass a red signal.

A common expression for an emergency brake application which occurs when a service break application is intended or when no application is intended.

The movable element of the drawbar coupler.

A hand operated throttle connected to the governer on a diesel locomotive.

A levelling valve is used to determine the variations in vehicle weight caused by loading and unloading. It is a pneumatic device mounted on the vehicle underframe and connected to the bogie, which measures the body's vertical displacement relative to the bogie caused by weight changes. The valve sends a pneumatic signal to the traction and braking systems to adjust their rates according to the vehicle weight. It is used in conjunction with air suspension to cause the vehicle height to remain constant regardless of load. The levelling valve is a fairly recent development (in railway terms) over the last 15 years and is used as part of modern traction and braking control systems. Some trains can be heard expelling air from their suspension system levelling valves as passengers alight and the system adjusts.

Modern generic term for tram or streetcar. An electrically powered rail vehicle using rails embedded in the roadway or using dedicated rail tracks, or a combination of the two as in Manchester, Sheffield, and many other European and US cities. Nowadays light rail vehicles (LRVs) are much favtheed as an alternative to full blown subway or underground (heavy metro) lines for urban rail systems due to their reduced construction costs. Modern LRV design concentrates on low floor construction to make easier access for passengers and to reduce the height of platforms at stations. Much innovation is appearing in the industry as a result.

The maximum possible number of trains capable of being operated over a line in one direction. It depends on all trains running at the same speed, having equal braking capacity and on how the signalling is arranged.

When a 2-way EOT is in communication with the HOT allowing it to dump the train from the rear.

A railroad track scale was usually unable to handle the weight of a locomotive, therefore it was necessary to provide a way for the locomotive to pass the scale without damaging it. The "live rail" was the track where the cars were weighed, the "dead rail" allowed the locomotive to pass over the scale without damage.

Locomotives are units propelled by any form of energy, or a combination of such units operated from a single control station, used in train or yard service.

A modern device used to control train speeds. All engines on Amtrak's NEC must be so equipped.

A nickname for a restricting signal in the days of the semaphore with the arm down 45 degrees.

Stands for medium clear signal.

The lubricator forced valve oil into the valve chamber to lubricate the steam valve, and the lubricating arm on a mechanical lubricator drove the pump that supplied this lube.

A series of consecutive blocks, governed by block signals operated manually, upon information by telegraph, telephone or other means of communication.

A train signal that is used to indicate the end of the train. A US term for the front end lamps provided on many trains to denote the route or type of train. These lights were often arranged in special formats to distinguish between different trains. In the UK they were referred to as headlamp codes. Originally used to assist signalmen in identifying trains, they are not common today, having been replaced by automatic train description systems.

The term used to denote an urban railway, often partly or wholly underground, carrying large numbers of passengers on trains at close headways. In the US synonymous with the term "subway". The word is a diminution of the Metropolitan Railway of London, the first urban underground railway in the world. It has since been adopted by many transport authorities to give a catchy name to their system, even if not strictly correct.

A railway wheel cast in a single bloom and machined to the required profile. Unlike the traditional spoked wheel, the tyre is integral with the wheel and cannot be separately changed.

A powered bogie. The term is usually confined to multiple unit trains so as to distinguish them from trailer (unpowered) bogies. Some railways operate trains with all bogies motored. See also bogie.

1. The electrical machine (traction motor) geared to the axles of all diesel-electric and electric locomotives, and used to convert the electrical energy provided by the diesel engine and main alternator in a diesel electric locomotive, or the transformer output in an electric locomotive, to mechanical force in the form of tractive effort.
2. The descriptive term used on the electric division of the Great Northern railroad to designate an electric locomotive.

Two or more main tracks, the use of which is designated in the timetable.

Multiple Unit. A lead locomotive followed by one or more locomotives. Cables between the MU connectors bring the electrical signals in party line fashion to the trailing units.

Clerks who worked as yard checkers

One who has been around long enough to become familiar with his work or who has his head cut in - knows how to do his job well.

One Person Train Operation - the motorman (engineer) performs all the functions of a conductor and an engineer on a passenger train.

The railroad where any freight shipment starts.

A section of track where the control length of a signal overlaps the next signal to reduce the risk of collision if the train fails in braking before the stop signal.

A sign marking the limit of control of a block signal.

Distance allowed beyond a normal stopping point in case a train fails to stop in the correct position. The distance is dependent upon speed and braking capacity of the train.

An electrical trolley carried on a collapsible and adjustable frame. Used on electrified locomotives and self-propelled cars for current pick-up from the catenary system. The folding traction current collection device is mounted on the roof of a vehicle on a railway employing an overhead supply system. Nowadays, pantographs are sophisticated aero-dynamically designed devices which can operate at high speeds without loss of contact and with built-in safety devices which reduce the risk of damage to wires in the event of a fault. A common problem is when a pantograph catches above the wire and pulls it down for considerable distances before it is noticed by the crew and the train stopped. Modern pantographs are fitted with automatic detection and lowering devices. The horns (curved edges) of the pantograph are equipped with frangible pneumatic sensors which, if broken by a wire support, cause the detector system to lower the pantograph.

Reducing the brake pipe pressure at a service rate but not enough to cause the reservoir and cylinder pressure to equalize.

TOFC or trailer on a flat car. Originally used when truck trailers were loaded onto flat cars for shipment by rail.

An employee assigned to a train when the engineer or conductor is not acquainted with the rules or portion of a railroad over which the train is to be moved.

A piece of metal used to lock the coupler to keep cars coupled together. Also a term meaning to push in the slack when uncoupling cars.

Portion of track within a terminal on which a train may stand for a period of time.

When a section of track is required for maintenance and trains cannot run, it is handed over by the operators to the engineers, who take "possession". Special protective measures are used to prevent access by unauthorised trains. When the track is returned to the operators, the engineers "give up possession".

The casting and wheel set or wheel sets which make up the leading wheels of most steam locomotives, intended to guide locomotives through curves and switches, and used to properly distribute the weight of the locomotive.

A fixed signal in which the indications are given by the position of two or more lights.

A name used to mention the engine units on a train.

Coaches owned by private individuals/railroad (for use of corporate officials or supervisors). Cars were positioned at end of trains and train crew were to remain off these cars except in performance of duties. Crew was also to see that occupants of these cars were not disturbed at all costs.

Any fixed signal including Absolute and Intermediate block signals, who's indications change rapidly from one indication to another and then back again due to track circuit or signal circuit failure. An engineer encountering such a signal will be governed by the most restrictive indication the signal can display.

A helper added at the rear of a train.

A heavy train that has additional "slave" locomotives located in the middle of the train that are controlled by the engineer remotely by radio.

Some railways employ radio control of locomotives to reduce the manning required for shunting. This allows a locomotive to be moved from the ground and assists with safety as well as reducing the time required for coupling and uncoupling. Radio control is also employed for long and heavy freight trains where locomotives are provided at the front and rear of trains to assist with power and braking. This allows a single driver in the leading cab to control all other locomotives without the need to provide control wiring throughout the train. In any case, on very long trains the voltage drop for hard wired control signals would make their use impossible. For braking, air brakes are standard. The propagation rate for a long train would be excessive using a brake pipe controlled only from the front. Radio control allows the pipe to be controlled from several points on the train and speed up operation.

Self-powered vehicle capable of operating as a single unit and often passenger carrying. Usually diesel powered and used on lightly trafficked lines.

Wagons/carriages semi permanently joined in an articulation rather than via a coupler.

A red signal or horizontal semaphore arm requiring the train to stop and proceed with caution.

Braking mode of modern electric locomotives, where the motors act as generators as with the dynamic braking but, instead of being converted into heat, the current is fed back to the supply. Return energy from asynchronous motors is around 90%.

A station at which a train register is located.

A train authorized by a timetable schedule.

Signal placed on the opposite side of the track from the controlling signal. It repeats the aspect of the controlling signal for a greater range of vision.

A speed that will permit stopping within one half the range of vision; short of train, engine, railroad car, stop signal, derail or switch not properly lined, looking out for broken rail, not exceeding 20 MPH (32 km/h).

A device added to the braking device on a car, to allow a portion of the air pressure to be retained in the brake cylinder of a car to help restrict the movement of a train on severe downgrades.

A train which picks up the revenue collected by the railroad clerk.

The process by which train crew become familiar with a route over which they will work. Gradients, layouts of tracks at junctions and positions of stations and signals are the most important features to learn. Oh yes, and places to get refreshments.

Resistance that is made up of wheel friction, journal friction, and wind resistance. It is non recoverable.

A car that is unloaded by turning it completely over.

A specially designed coupler used in rotary dump cars that rotate allowing them to be dumped without being uncoupled.

A car with a bladed wheel on the front end set at right angles to track and driven by an engine on the car. It cuts the snow and discharges it to one side of track.

Describes the action of the slack between the cars moving forward and hitting against the engine. A run out would be the opposite effect.

Receptacle on locomotive for containing the sand used for assisting adhesion.

A method for assisting adhesion between driving wheel and rail. The sand is carried on the locomotive in a sandbox and is ejected, normally under air pressure, onto rails immediately in front of the driving wheels to assist adhesion. It is usually operated by a push button in the driving cab.

Broken knuckle due to uncontrolled slack action in train or overly aggressive starting technique.

That part of a timetable which prescribes class, direction, number and movement for a regular train.

One of two or more trains running on the same schedule, displaying signals or for which signals are displayed.

A signal in which the day indications are given by the position of a semaphore arm.

Signalling system using "track circuits" as in automatic signaling, but with the ability of manual intervention to control trains or routes. Nowadays, large areas can be controlled semi-automatically using computers to route and regulate trains as well as record movements and log manual actions. The latest techniques involve satellite location of trains.

Coupling between vehicles provided for normally fixed formation train sets like multiple unit consisting of a bar linked to the adjacent car underframes by pins. This form of coupling is usually only disconnected in a workshop.

The effect of a sudden change in speed of a car, locomotive or train, or part of a train.

Term used as a shortened version of "collector shoe" to denote a third rail current collection device mounted on the bogie of a direct current electric train. Shoes are normally distributed along the train and connected by a power train line cable to avoid loss of power at gaps in the current rail. See also conductor rail and gapping.

To marshal vehicles in a given order to form a train. A rough shunt can cause damage to vehicle couplings or even bodies. The risks of damage are high as often this is carried out without adequate attention being paid to coupling of brake pipes. Thus one locomotive may be moving several vehicles without brakes.

Movements inside of stations and yards for making up trains, moving cars between different tracks and similar purposes. Shunting movements are done under simplified conditions with restricted speed and in viewing range.

In railway terminology, a shuttle usually means a service operating back and forth between two stations without an intermediate stop. The Channel Tunnel service is called Le Shuttle and many cities operate shuttle services between airports and city centres. The Gatwick Express, which operates in the UK between Gatwick Airport and London (Victoria) is one such. Sometimes also erroneously used to refer to short distance, regular interval services with intermediate stops.

The appearance of a fixed signal conveying an indication as viewed from the direction of an approaching train; or the appearance of a cab signal conveying an indication as viewed by an observer in the cab.

The information conveyed by the signal aspect.

A system to ensure the safe movement of trains by means of lineside indications and/or indications given in the driver's cab.

The man who controls the signals and authorizes the movements of trains on running lines

Is used to test the air brake equipment on car that is sent to a repair track.

A form of railway track comprising a concrete base to which the chairs carrying the rails are secured. It eliminates the need for individual "sleepers".

The motion, forward or back, that one or more cars, locomotives, or parts of a train has without moving other coupled cars, locomotives, or parts of the train. Loose slack is the free movement or lost motion between parts of a train. Spring slack is the movement beyond the free or lost motion brought about through compressing the draft gear springs. Slack is necessary so as to start one car at a time and so that the train may be operated around curves and over high and low places.

Movement of part of a coupled train at a different speed than another part of the same train.

A small, ballasted, four or six axle unit, semipermanently coupled to a locomotive that does not have a prime mover, but does have traction motors. Generally used in yard duty where the switcher has enough horsepower, but not enough tractive force to push long strings of cars up a hump.

The title of a track labourer. One who builds or repairs railroad track.

A four-wheel MOW vehicle to carry men and supplies to and from a railroad work site.

The act of placing a car in a specific location on a track.

Train made up entirely or mainly of single or double stack containers on flatcars designed for just that purpose.

A term for making a cut of cars by walking to the cut to be made rather than pulling the cut to you

A portable insulated pole used by railroads (and transit authorities) with third rail trackage. The pole is used to "reach" from an existing third rail power source to the pickup shoes of the electric locomotive in instances where the shoes of the locomotive are not contacting the third rail. The stinger can also be used to move electric locomotives within a shop complex.

A portion of a division designated by timetable.

A train having precedence over another train.

A light type indicator used in connection with facing point movement over certain switches to indicate switch points fit properly.

The weight of an empty car.

Traffic Control System.

Another name for an EOT device which transmits End Of Train info to engine. Also "Telem", "Tele", "FRED", and "Freddie".

A vehicle connected to most steam locomotives which carried the coal (or oil) and water for the locomotive.

A single flashing red light indicating Stop and Proceed or in some cases (depending on the railroad) a flashing red light indicating Restricting. No stop required, however a speed restriction applies.

A specially designed coupler used mostly on passenger cars that minimize slack and have interlocking features.

The authority for the movement of regular trains subject to the rules. It may contain classified schedules and includes special instructions.

Trailer on a flat car. Refers to intermodal shipments.

Gross trailing tonnage of the train divided by the total number of cars having operative brakes (not including locomotives).

A notice containing information as to track conditions or other conditions, necessary for the safe operation of trains or engines.

Equipment, not classified as an engine, which is operated on track for inspection or maintenance. It may not shunt track circuits or operate signals and will be governed by rules and special instructions for trains other than passenger trains.

An electrical circuit of which the rails of the track form a part. The track circuit is the basis of signalling systems. Means by which the passage of trains is detected and the information used to control signals provided for train safety and control. The simple track circuit consists of a relay energised by a low voltage circuit fed through the running rails of a section of track. Each section is electrically isolated from others. The energised relay detects no train present and can be used to switch power to a green signal light. If a train enters the section, its wheelsets will short out the circuit, causing the relay to de-energise and switch off the green signal. The relay will now switch on the red signal light. The light remains red until the last wheelset of the train clears the section, allowing the track circuit to be restored and the signal to return to green.

A form used to authorize occupancy of main track where designated by special instructions.

Wayside detectors which are provided at various locations as shown in the timetable which detect such conditions as overheated journals, dragging equipment, excess dimensions, shifted loads, high water and slides.

A method of authorizing movements of trains or engines or protecting men or machines on a main track within specified limits in territory designated by special instructions or general order.

The electric motor that transfers the electrical current generated by the locomotive to the rail.

The amount of force at the driving wheel rims to start and move tonnage up various grades.

The power that a locomotive is able to exert before the wheels slip out of control. It is calculated by multiplying the weight on the driving axles by the coefficient of adhesion.

A passenger vehicle in a multiple unit train which has no traction power equipment. Sometimes referred to as a trailer.

Description of non-powered axles or vehicles in a train as in trailer car. Also used to describe points at a converging junction.

A fabricated or steel casting containing one, two, or three wheel sets, located under the engine cab and firebox of some steam locomotives.

One or more than one engine coupled, with or without cars, displaying a marker and authorized to operate on a main track.

The combined brakes on locomotive and cars that provides the means of controlling the speed and stopping of the entire train.

A cable of series of hoses used for connecting electrical or steam (in older passenger equipment). This is a cable running the length of a train for control or power purposes. It is connected between vehicles by a jumper. The term train line is sometimes used in the US to denote the brake pipe.

A train given precedence by train order.

A train given precedence by time table.

A train given precedence in the direction specified in the time table as between opposing trains of the same class.

A message changing the meeting point between two trains. For movement of trains not provided by timetable train orders will be authorized by, and over the signature of the director of train dispatching or chief dispatcher.

Fixed signal near the entrance to a river tube, bridge or at stations with moving platforms. Two lunar white mean Proceed without orders according to rules, two red mean Stop, stay and call for orders. Also: a signal at a station that indicates by its position or by its colour, that train orders are to be delivered to a train, or that no orders are to be delivered.

A book or form used at designated stations for registering time of arrival and departure of trains, and such other information as may be prescribed.

Enclosed freight car for carrying 3 levels of automobiles.

An operating valve for charging the reservoir, applying the brake, and releasing the brake.

Rapid oscillation of an empty car truck at high speeds where the flanges tend to ride up on the head of the rail.

Undesired Emergency. An emergency that is not initiated by a crew member.

Union Internationale de Chemin de Fer - International Union of Railways - the French dominated European railway regulating body which sets engineering and operating standards for railways. Equivalent to US AAR.

Another term for a locomotive engine. UK expression usually meaning an electric or diesel multiple unit train. A unit can consist of two or more cars (e.g. a 3-car unit) and a train may consist of one or more units.

A train composed entirely of one commodity, usually coal or mineral, and usually composed of cars of a single owner and similar design, and usually destined for a single destination.

A system for examining the condition of rails to determine the integrity of the steel. The data is collected by an electronic instrument run along the track. Also used to detect flaws in railway axles.

Railway vehicle base which forms the support for the body structure or is an integral part of a body shell.

Term used to refer to passenger trains, dating back to the late 19th century and the varnished passenger coaches of the luxury trains such as those employed on the LV's Black Diamond and the C&O's Sportsman

The standpipe where a steam locomotive would stop to fill its tender with water.

When a locomotive (or other powered vehicle) begins motoring or braking, the distribution of weight on the axles changes due to the shift in the body weight. This can give rise to wheels slipping or sliding. Modern systems of motor and brake control can reduce the risk but never eliminate it entirely. See also: Creep Control and Traction Link.

Another name for car knocker. This person would check the wheels for flaws.

Caused by the friction between the brake shoe and the wheel and transmitted to the rail.

The wheel rotating on its axle theoretically without motion existing between the wheel and the rail at the area of contact.

The wheel rotating on its axle with motion existing between the wheel and rail at the area of contact. Phenomenon caused on a locomotive or power vehicle by over application of power to the drive system relative to the available adhesion. It can cause damage to electric motors and is normally automatically detected to immediately eliminate or reduce the power being applied. A modern system recently developed using microprocessors is known as creep control and permits a certain degree of slip as this has been proven to improve acceleration efficiency.

The wheel not rotating on its axle and motion existing between the wheel and rail at the area of contact. Synonymous with skidding and usually caused by over braking during poor adhesive conditions. It is a common cause of wheel damage, as it produces a flat spot (called a "flat") on the wheel where the skid occurred. Severe flats have been known to derail a train. Modern rolling stock is equipped with various systems to assist with the elimination of wheel slide. These include load control, automatic brake "dumping" if a slide is detected, cosmetic rail applications like sanding to improve adhesion and attention to maintenance of correct mechanical brake settings.

Machine for reprofiling rolling stock wheels. The surfaces of wheels become worn over time varying between months and years depending on the usage and design. Reprofiling is required to ensure that the ride of the vehicle continues to be acceptable both from a safety and comfort point of view. If wheel flanges become too sharp, they can force point blades apart and cause a derailment. Some machines are designed to permit reprofiling without removing the wheels from the vehicle. The lathe is mounted in the floor of the workshop and the vehicle positioned over it for work to be carried out. The axle end design has to be arranged to allow the wheelset to be turned by the lathe. Wheels can be reprofiled by cutting or by milling. Cutting seems to be the preferred method for most administrations.

A fixed formation of an axle with two wheels set at the correct gauge for the track. The wheels are pressed onto the axle and rotate with it as a unit. It is mounted into the bogie (or vehicle) frame with axleboxes.

A specially marked post on the engineer's side of the train that tells him when to start whistling for a grade crossing. Slower trains may delay whistling until closer to the crossing.

A slang term for a car going down a track with no air or hand brake applied

An engine assigned to yard service.

A slang term for a yellow signal.

Data ostatniej aktualizacji: 22.02.2011 r.